Synchronous motor



May 8, 1928.

1,669,083 v. A. FYNN SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR I Original Filed March 24, 1924 I/ALZ'RE Area I'm/1v, D A W 66km.

Patented May 8, UNITED STATES i 1,669,083 PATENT OFFICE.

vanmm a. m, or $1. Louis, masons-I.

briginal a ncauoa ma I arch August 2,1926.

This application is a division of my former application Serial Number 7 01,461, filed March 24, 1924, patented Sept. 14, 1926, No. 1,599,758.

My invention relates particularly, to synchronous induction motors of the self or theseparately excited type. In some of its aspects it is applicable to single as well' as to polyphase motors and it also relates to ap-- paratus associated with dynamo electric machines.

The objects and features of this invention will appear from the detail description taken 2 These figures are the same as Figs. 2, 4 and 5 of my former application. 7

Referring to Fig. 1, the synchronous induction motor there shown has a revolvmg primary anda stationarysecondary. The 2 rotor carries a primary three phase winding 5 adapted to be connected to the supply 2, 3, 4 by means of the sliprings 7, 8, 9 and cooperating brushes. It' also carries a comis not shown, it being muted winding 6, the commutator of which assumed that the brushes 10, 11 and 12,13 cooperating with this winding rest directly on same, thus eliminating all uncertainties as to brush position which are apt to be, introduced when the connections between the commu-' tator and the commuted windin taken into account. The secon a must be here the stator, carries two coaxial windings 15..

16 and a-third winding 1} displaced by 90 electrical degrees from the coaxial opes. The brushes 10, 11 are located along a line which is parallel to the axis of the winding 145- and'connected to 14; through the adjustable resistance 42. These brushes are also connected I to j the second winding through the resistance37 ah gthe adjustable resistance 39, the brushes 12, 13 are.some- .what displaced from the axis of 15 in the direction of rotation of the primary and are connected to the winding 16 through the ad- "justa'bleresistances 46 and 47. 1

A switch or relay 25-, 26 normally-under the control of the spring 27 is adapted to control or modify or reorganize the circuits of the brushes 10, 11 and 12, 13'or of the 24, 1924, Serial at. 791,461. Divided and thin mcnnonou's MOTOR.

Serial 1m 126,685. f

windings 15 and 16. On the shaft 17 of the main motor is a; gear 18 engaging with the gear 19 mounted on the shaft 20 and driving one side of a dilferential gear, the other side of which is driven by the shaft 22 coupled to the auxiliary synchronous motor 23-0011 nected to the supply 2, 3, 4 through the switch 51. The middle element of the differential carries a gear wheel 21 engaging with the gear wheel 2; and driving the member 25 of the switch or relay. This member is of ma netic material, laminated or. not, and preferably carries a short-circuited winding in the form of a squirrel cage. The other member 26 is adapted to oscillate about 25 between .the stops 28, 32 and carries an exciting winding 36 connected to the brushes 10, 11 through the adjustable resistance 38; One arnrof the switch member 26 insulatingly carries the contact 33 adapted to cooperate with the stationary contacts 34, 35' and when bridging these contacts it shortcircuits the resistance 37 or closes the circuit of the winding 15 if said resistance is not used. It is not necessary to use the re- It is preferred to so ,select the num r ofturus of the windin 14 and the resistance of the circuit 'comprisin this winding that the ampereturns it pro uces with the commutator brush voltage or the auxiliary voltage available at the rushes 10, 11 when the .motor operates at full load is. in excess of the ampereturnsjproduced bythe armature or primary reaction of the motor at that application fled time. It is further preferred that the numher ofturns of the windings'li and 15 and the resistances of the circuits comprising said windings be so chosen that the ampereturns produced by the winding 14 are always in excess of the ampereturns'produced by the winding 15. In order to secure a commercially acceptable weight eflieiency it is necessary to make the-full load oi oneof these synchronous induction meters at least th full I d f th .to e- V 0a 0 e correspon g;

ring induction motor. 111150311 secured with the arrangement here described and whenspeakingbf the full load w a is the full load hr the corresponding slipring motor which is meant where weight eficiency is a'consideration.

The gear ratio between the motor shaft 17 and the shaft 20 of the differential gear is so chosen that when the main motor runs synchronously the shaft 20 is driven at the synchronous s eed of the auxiliary motor I 23coupled to t e shaft 22 or more generally that this shaft is driven at the same speed as the shaft 22. Furthermore, shafts 20.

and 22 must be driven in opposite directions.

7 With this arrangement the middle element as seen from main motor end, when the speed of the main motor 1s less, and clockwise when it is greater than the synchronous. The gear ratio between the middle element of the diiferential and the rotor 25 of the relay is preferably so chosen that'when the revolving member of the main motor slips through 360 electrical degrees 'the rotor 25 makes more than one complete revolution irrespective of the number of poles ofthe relay itself. I

It is-to be noted that the brushes 10, 11 span lessthan 180 electrical degrees while brushes 12, 13 span a full pole pitch. The

result of this arrangement is that the maximum voltage available from the winding 6 is sometimes available at brushes 12, 13 but never at the brushes 10, 11.; If the brushes 10,11 were located in the axis of 14 instead of being positioned alon a line parallel to that of 14 nothing Woul be changed except the'maximumvalue of the voltage available at said brushes. In so far .as mode of operation is concerned a position of the brushes 10, 11 in the axis of 14 is equivalent to a position of said brushes along a line parallel to the axis of 14; both locations of the brushes may justly be 'spoken'of as coaxial with the am's of 14.-

In Fig. 2 the rotor carries the. primary winding 5 adapted to be connected to the supply by means of sliprings, and also a commuted winding 6, with which cooperate the brushes 10, 11 and 12, l3 displaced by 90 electrical degrees. The stator, here the secondary, carries two coaxial Windings15, 16 and a winding 14 displaced by 90 electrical degrees with respect to the coaxial windings. -The brushes 10, 11 are coaxial with the displaced windin and connected to it throu h the adjustab e resistance 42.

These .brus es are also connected to the winding 15 through the adjustable resistance 39. The -brushes 12,' 13 are coaxial with 16 and connected to it through theadjustable'resistance 46, but in Fig. 2 this circuit is shown open at this adjustable resistance. The arrow F and the ole S indicate the direction and location of the unidirecaeeaose (J v tional magnetization produced by the secondary magnetizing means 14 and 15. The arrows R, R", R" indicate possible positions of the resultant motor-magnetization at different loads and synchronous speed.

In Fig. 3.the windings 14 and 15 of Fig. 2 have been combined into a single winding 50 controlled by the adjustable resistance 49 and capable of producing a magnetization of same magnitude and direction as that produced by the resultant of the two magnetizations produced by 14 and 15 respectively. This is a-perrmssible simplification, useful in some cases but not possessed of all of the properties of the arrangement shown in Fig. 2. In other respects Figs. 2 and 3 are identical.

The mode of operation of these improved machines is somewhat as follows: Referring to Fig. 1, let it be supposed that the motor shaft 17 is disconnected from the gear 18 and therefore from the difierential gear,

that the member 26 of the relay is locked in a position in which 33 bridges the contacts 34, 35 and that the resistance 46 is eliminated. This is equivalent to not making use of the differential gear of the relay. The circuit of'the relay winding36 would then naturally be interrupted at 38 and the auxiliary motor 23 would be disconnected froun the supply 2, 3, 4:

The machine may ing the sliprings 7, 8, 9 to the full supply voltage or a fraction thereof and the resistances 39, 42 .and 47 set to produce the desired starting or accelerating torque. The machine will start like an asynchronous induction motor, the revolving field produced be started by connect inthe .primary by the polyphase currents.

supplied to it from the mains generating phase-displaced voltages in the windings 14, 15, 16 and giving rise to corresponding secondary induction motor torque producing currents in the usual way. The currents in the Winding 15 close through the adjustable resistance 39 and the brushes 10, 11, those in the winding 14 through the adjustable resistance 42 and the same brushes and those in 16 close'through the brushes 12, 13 and the adjustable resistance 47 The resistance 37 is not considered because supposed to be shortcireuited by the bridge 33. To increase the torque of the machine the resistances 39, 42, 47 are diminshed in one or more steps until a value is reached which permits the induction'motor torque to bring the speed of the machine veryclose to the synchronous. At this point, and as previously explained by me, the slip frequency commutator brush voltages, the amplitude or magnitude of which-is quite independent of the speed of the revolving element of the motor, take a more and more pronounced control of the circuits comprisin the windchronism is approached the voltages generated in said windings diminish whereas the commutator brush voltages, when derived from a source such as the fre uency converter embodied in the motor of ig. 1 and used there as an exciter for the machine, increase rather than diminish as the speed rises. These commutator brush Voltages, which I will also refer to as auxiliary voltages, cause corresponding conduced cur rents to flow in the windings 14, 15, 16 and these conduced currents, cooperating with the primary revolving field, produce torques which can be utilized to synchronize the motor.

When a slip frequency auxiliary voltage is derived from a suitably driven frequency converter incorporated -with the inotor, as in Fig. 1, or independent therefrom, then a strictly unidirectional and pulsating, synchronizing torque can be hadby making the phase and direction of the auxiliary voltage the same as the phase and direction of the voltage generated near synchronism by the. primary flux in the secondary winding on which said auxiliary voltage is impressed. The current conduced into the secondary winding by this auxiliary voltage is practically cophasal with same and the ampereturns due to it coact with the pi'imary'flux to produce the synchronizing torque in question. Such a torque is eminently well suited 1 for positively synchronizing such a motor with little or no disturbance to the line. When a plurality of secondary and displaced motor windings are subjected near synchronism to correspondingly phase displaced auxiliary voltages of proper phase, whether derived from an exciter integral with the motor as in Fig. l-or separate therefrom, the resulting torque is composed of a plurality of phase displaced unidirectional and pulsating torque and can be made continuous and, if desired, practically constant by suitably spacing the component torques and suitably selecting their individual amplitudes. When the phase of the auxiliary voltage differs 90 degrees from the phrase of the voltage generated in the secondary motor winding on which said auxiliary voltage is impressed, preferably leading it by the amount stated, then the torque produced by the resulting current in cooperation with the primary re volving field is an alternating torque of double the slip frequency of the main motor or of double the frequency of the auxiliary voltage, its negative and positivemaxima are equal and its amplitude is'for' otherwise equal conditions but about one half of that of the unidirectional torque which could be.

had by shifting the phase'of the auxiliary voltage back through 90 degrees.

Now in Fig. 1 the brushes 10, 11 are criaxial with the secondary windin 14- to speeds, and generated in thewinding 6 by its rotation relatively to theprimary revolvingflux of the motor, is either of same or of opposite phase with the voltage generated by the same flux in 14 according to the manner in which the brushes 10, 11 are connected to. the terminals of the winding 14. In Fig. 1 and in the other figures, the connectiotis are such that these Voltages are cophasal and codirectionah As regards the winding '15 to whichthe brushes 10, 11 are also connected the connections and the relation of the respective axes are such that the auxiliary voltage leads the voltage generated in winding 15 by 90 degrees. This is readily recognized when it isremembercd that theprimary revolving fiux revolves against the rotation of the primary. The position of the brushes 12, 13 on the winding 6 is so chosen that the voltage impressed on 16 is substantially cophasal with the voltage generated in ltl'near synchronism.

The synchronizing torque produced by 14 is substantially or even strictly unidirectional and pulsating, that produced by '15 is alternating and of double slip frequency. It is clear that the negative impulses of this torque-can only be harmful to, synchronization and are apt to cause hunting if allowed to assume suflicient proportions. From the synchronizing point of view the action of winding 15 is partly detrimental but this winding has a marked influence on the synchronous operation of the machine in that it helps to affect the value of the power factor with changing load or the compounding characteristic of the machine. This can nously under loads in excess of the maximum synchronous load. I have found that the best starting, synchronizing and operating characteristics are obtained with or without the use of winding 16 when the number of turns of the winding 14 and the resistance of its circuit are so chosen that with the unidirectional voltage available in synchronous ter results are had when the ampereturns t'henproduced by 14 are at least equal to the ampereturns simultaneously (produced by the winding 15.

:The synchronizing torque produced by'16 whlch they are connected and the voltage apwhen connected as just described and as show-fr. in Fig. 1 "is practically unidirectional and pulsating. as is that produced by 14,

but. ,phase displaced with respectto same. In combination with the. latter it produces a more or less. constant and unidirectional syn-' full load operation atthe brushes 10, llthe' chronizing torque. The more nearly equal the amplitudes of these two torques the more ques due to 14c and 16 and of the double slip frequency alternating torque due to 15. It is clear that it is an easy matter to so dimen sion 16 and its circuits that the final resultant torque will have no negative values whatsoever. Under these conditions synchronization will be extremely powerful and rapid and will not cause any hunting even though the synchronizing torque is not constant. Furthermore, the normal asynchronous overload capacity will remain practically unimpaired and may even be increased. But the winding 16 also exerts an influenceon the synchronous operation of the machine as will be more fully explained in connection with Figs. 2 and 3; For the time being it is sufficient to note that the motor will operate synchrononsly'at a plurality of loads with nothing but the brushes 10, 11 connected to the winding 14, or with the brushes 10, 11 connected to the windings 14 and 15 or with the brushes 10, 11 connected to the windings 14, 15 and with the brushes 12, 13 connected-to the winding T6. In this last case the winding 16 modifies the compounding characteristic of the synchronously operating machine according to the position of the axis of the brushes 12, 13 withrespect to the axis of the winding -16 and according to the number of ampereturns in 16. i

I may, therefore, start the motor in the manner already described and operate same withoutchange, or I may start a it as described and increase-the resistance of the circuit comprising the winding 16 after synchronism is reached, or I may start the motor with the circuit of the winding 15 interrupted and connect said winding'to the brushes 10, 11 at or near synchronism and thereafter increase the resistance of the circnit comprising the winding 16 or not as desired. 1

Particularly in the case of larger motors- I can make use of the diiferential gear and relay shown in Fig 1 in order to control the motor circuits. At starting, the main motor-- is connectedto' the supply and the resistances in the secondar 'circuits14, 15, 16 set -to secure the desire starting torque. At

such time the switch 51 is open, the circuit 36 of the relay is open at 38 and the relay member 26 in the control of the spring 27.

This means that the contacts 34, 35 are bridged, the resistance 37, if used, is. shortcircuited and the other arm of 26 out of contact with the carbon pile resistance 46. ,As' the motor starts theresistances'of the active secondary circuit [can be diminished in the aeeaess usual way to incerase torque and speed.

The shaft 22 of the difierential being at rest, the rotor 25 will revolve .counterclookwise, as seen from the main motor so long as said motor revolves counterclockwise. After a certain speed has been reached, switch 51 is closed,-the motor 23 run up to synchronism and the circuit of 36 closed which excites the member 26 of the relay.. As the auxiliary motor speeds up 25 slows down and as the speed of 23 exceeds the speed at which the main motor drives the shaft 20 the rotor 25 stops and reverses, now running clockwise. Because 26 is now excited a considerable torque, varying with speed, is developed between 25 and 26 and soon reaches a value which overpowers the spring 27 and 1 causes the relay to break the direct connectfon between the contacts 34, 35 and compress the carbon pile resistance 46. This gives 16 the number of ampereturns suitable the contacts 34, 35, thus restoring 15 to its full activity, and in removing the pressure on 46 which reduces the number of -ampere-.

turns in 16 to a figure suitable for the desired compounding characteristic. the motor slip out of synchrdnism due to an overload or to some other-cause and run Should 7 at a speed below the synchronous, the rotor 25 is instantly set in motion in a clockwise direction, as seen from the main motor end, and the synchronizing connections instantly re-established by the relay. In this case the relay diminishes the negative torque produced by 15 directly by reducing the ampereturns in15, even to zero if 37 is omitted,- and indirectly by rendering 16 fully effective and thus opposing whatever negative torque 15 still produces.

It is not necessary to use in the circuit of 15; this circuit may beenare not bridged but the use of resistance re the resistance 37 tirely interrupted when. the contacts 34, 35

duces the possibility ofsparkingat the relay contacts and it can usually be so portionedasto be more helpful than 0t erwise;

Nor is it necessary to reduce the effective, nessof the winding 15 during the synchronizing period or upon the occurence of over loads. Suffieiently good results will in most cases be secured bysimply utilizing'the relay to modify the effectiveness of ing 16.. I 1

. o'me of the featuresof this invention,

particularly during synchronous operation,

the windther let the total I direction. This magnetization F is the se c ondary'flux of the machine and may have a number of components, for instance any "which time the maximum auxiliary voltage will perhaps be better understood by reference to Figs. 2 and 3. In Fig. 2 let it be supposed that the rotor, here the primary, re-

by the magnetizin means or'windi'ngs .14 and 15 are in'the 5 rows placed alon side these windings. Fursecondary magnetization, here due to 14 and 15 be F as to position and ofthe magnetiz'ations produced by the windings 14,15 or 16. The pole Sis shown riding the arrow F to more clearly indicate the pole of the unidirectional magnetization produced', by the secondary windings 14 and 15.

This magnetization may and does change with load in so far as its magnitude is concerned, but its direction and space position remain constant as long as synchronism is preserved and winding 16 is not in use. Thev resultant magnetization R of the motor, however, changes its space position and to some extent also its magnitude as the load varies. When R changes its space location with respect to F the projection of F on the perpendicular to R. changes in magnitude and since this component 'of F is the one which determines the torqueof the synchronously operating machine, this torque clear- 1y changes with changing load as is neces-:

sary to enable the motor to carry variable load at synchronous speed. One component of R, is F, the other is the armature or primary load reaction. When the primary revolves, the secondary unidirectional magnetization, the primary armature reaction and the resultant R are all stationary in space except when the load changes, at such time synchronism is momentarily departed from and the armature reaction and the resultant R change their position or magnitude or both. When the primary is at rest and the secondary revolves, as is usually thecase inthe larger and the separately excited motors, then the'seconda'ry unidirectional magnetization, the armature reaction and the resultant magnetization R all revolve synchronously and change their relative space itions with changing load by momentar-.

- ily departing from synchronous rotation.

Ail-light loads the resultant motor magnetization may be R and can be made to nearly' coincide with F, for a heavier load this resultant may be R" and will be further removed from F, for a stillhigher load it may be located as R' is with reference to F.

The only magnetization which affects the magnitude of any auxiliary or brush voltage is the resultantmagnetization R. Disrcgarding the winding 16 for the moment and remembering that order to geta high output for weight and a considerable overirection of the small ar load capacity with acceptable power factor values at the motor terminals it is necessary for the auxiliary voltage, which here is taken from the brushes 10, 11, to rise with rising load, it is clear that it is, in this respect, 0

advantage to have F lie close to the axis of 14 and Rlie close to F at no load; for instance in the position of R. Under these.

circumstances, the resultant R can travel through a considerable. angle, as well seen in Fig. 2, before it comes to stand at right angles to the axis of the brushes 10, 11, at

the ratio of the ampereturns in the two windings 14 and 15 but nothing in particular is gained thereby unless the dimensioning of the windings 14 and 15 permits of securing anF of suitable magnitude for synchronizmg, and provides for R falling close to F at no-load and at the beginning of an It is simple enough to locate the axis of F close to that of 14. This is achieved by suitably selecting are a which is so located with reference to the brushes 10, 11 as to secure a variation of the auxiliary voltage which will give' a practically acceptable compoundin characteristic when R travels through t is are withincreasing load. These all important results can only be achieved when the num ber of turns in thewindings 14 and 15 and the resistance of their circuits are so-chosen that the ampereturns produced in 14, with the auxiliary voltage available at full load, are in excess of the ampereturns set up by the primary or armature reaction at full load and preferably also greatly in excess of the ampereturns simultaneously produced by the winding 15. ,A ratio of the ampereturns in 14 to those in 15 as high as 2 and 3 to 1 gives very good results. The auxiliary voltage is at all times proportional to sine c which measures the angular displacement between R and the brush axis;

- It is further seen that as the load increases the voltage at the brushes 12, 13 decreases. If'the winding 16 is used together with the windings 14, 15 and left in circuit after synehronism has been reached, its efiect w 1ll first diminish but may later increase with mcreasing load. It will increase with increasing loa'd if R travels past the axis of the brushes 12, 13, for instance as R' has done.

So long as the resultant R lies somewhere between the brushes 11 and 12, the ampereturns in 16 will oppose those in 15 and reduce the power factor of the motor. When be leftin circuit at synchronism.

R coincides with the afis of the brushes 12, I

13 the winding 16 will be quite inactive and when the axis of R moves past 12 in a direction against the rotation of the primary, the

ampereturns in 16 will begin to assist those in 15. The result of all this will be that-F will travel to some extent against rotation of the primary as the load increases. For this reason 16 should be used cautiously at synchronism. If 16 is not required to boost or modify the shape of the synchrnuiiz'ing torque to a very marked extent it can usually At synchronism the winding 16 can successfully be used, for instance, as a means of modifying I the compounding characteristic. To this end the resistance of its circuit must somecrate, without very materially changing the phase of this auxiliary voltage at sub-synchronous speeds when the winding 16 is to perform its rimary function of increasing" the magnitu e or improving the configuration of the synchronizing torque and thus improving synchronization and reducing the interference with the asynchronous overload capacity of the motor. The compounding cracteristicis also influenced. by the position of these brushes 12, 13; If these brushes are displaced from coincidence with the axis of15 in the direction of rotation of the primary, then the winding 16 will begin by opposing the winding 15. As R travels against rotation this opposition will decrease and 16 will finally help 15. If these brushes are displaced in the opposite direction then B. may

not; travel far enough to ever reverse the ampereturns in 16 and a different compound in characteristic will result.

I ig. 3 differs from Fig. 2 in that the windin 14 and 15 "are combined into a single winding 50. In so far' as operation at synchronous speed is concerned, the machines are similar and in order to get the best results erablyin excess of' that component of its It isto; be understood that a synchronous the winding must be so .dimensione'd that with the auxiliary voltage availableat full' .load that component of the ampereturns it roduces which-coincides with the axis of the rushes 10, 11 is at least equal to the ampere-- turns sent up by the primary armature reaction at full load and preferably also considtotal ampereturns which is perpendicular. to the axis of the brushes 10, 11.

aeeaoee motor is a machine capable of operating at 615 a constant and synchronous speed under varying. load conditions and which does so operate. The synchronous motors described in this specification carry unidirectional am- I pereturn s F on their secondary and unless 7 the organization of the machine is such as to permit, with changing torque demand, ('1) of an angular displacement between the axis of F and the axis of the resultant motor magnetization R, or (2) of achange in the magnitude of F, or '(3) of said angular'dis-' placement and of said change in magnitude, the motor cannot. and does not run at a constant and synchronous speed under varying load conditions, 8

It is further to be understood that by synchronous torque is meant a torque exerted by a synchronous motor when in normal op- I eration and, therefore, whenrunning synchronously tinder load. By' synchronizing 35 torque is meant any torque adapted to or" capable of bringing up to synchronism a motor capable of operating synchronously under varying load conditions. It is, for instance, knownthat' an ordinary polyphase induction motor is a non-synchronous machine the torque of which falls off very rapidly as synchronism is approached and actuall becomes zero at synchronism. It is I also own that a polyphase induction motor can be so modified as tomake it capable ofoperating synchronously under varying load conditions. Any torque which, in a polyphase induction motor adapted to operate synchronously under varying lbad, will 1 bridge the gap between the induction motor torque of the machine, which becomes zero at synchronism, audits synchrono torque is referred to as a synchronizing orque.

A synchronous motor is said to be compound when the unidirectional am ereturns on .the secondary are smaller at ight than at heavyloadsl This change in the '1 unidirectional ampereturns with changing load afl'ects thepowerfactor at 'which the machine operates. The change can be such that the powerfactor remains practically constant throughout the. synchronous load I range of the motor, orit can be such that I the power factor is a leading one at light loads, that this lead diminishes with increasing load and: is-converted into a lag near, the maximum "synchronoustorque of the machine. Either of these compounding characteristicsTare' popular .and right now MP the lastnamedie probably more in demand. Synchronous motors embodying-thech'aracteristic' structural features of the. asyn-" chrofious induction motors, such as absence of defined polar projectionspn stator and Y irons-induction motors because of their abil ity, to operate synchronously over one'range of loads and non-synchronously over another range of loads.

Any displacement of the axis of a set of' commutator brushes from the axis of the secondary winding to which they are connected causes the synchronizing torque to deviate fromstrict unidirectionality and to" become alternating. For a displacement of 90 electrical degrees this torque is an alter 'nating torque of double slip frequency with equal positive and negative maxima. For a displacement of 45 electrical degrees a negatlve maximum is onlyabout 18 percent of a positive maximum and the latter last three times as long as the former. Furthermore, the positive maximum is only about 18 per cent less than the positive maximum available when the synchronizing torque is strictly unidirectional. For a displacement of 45' plitude of the unidirectional component the resultant synchronizing torque can be considered as substantially unidirectional." Similarly when the resultant synchronizing torque is due to more than one winding on the secondary connected to one or-to more than one set of cooperating commutator brushes, or, generally, to a plurality of auxiliary voltages, then said torque can be considered substantially unidirectional so long as the amplitude of its double frequency cdmponent does not materially. exceed half the-amplitude of its unidirectional component.

Since'very little power is required to operate the relay 25, '26, it will be understood that the difi'erential gear and the gear wheels 18, 19 and 24 can be very small and this is also true of the auxiliary synchronous motor 23. Noiseless rawhide or fiber gearing can very well be used for this purpose and need not occupy more than a very restrictedspace. 4

It is immaterial whether the primary or the secondary is designed torevolve, but it,

when the revolving member is the secondary;

It is also usefulto notethat while adisplacement of the brushes with rotation when the primary revolves is equivalent-to a displacement of the brushes against rotation when the secondary revolves, yet in both cases the brushes are displaced against the direction of rotation of the revolving field produced by the primary.

A brush displacement against rotation of the primary or in the direction of rotation of the secondary is in either case a brush.

displacement in the direction of rotation of the primary flux.

It is also to be understood that the invention is equally applicable to separately excited synchronous induction motors' excited from frequency converters and the like,

broadly from a source supplying one or more voltages which are of slip frequency at subsynchronous speeds and become unidirectional at synchronism of the motor to which they are applied.

In order to make full use of the properties of the improvedmotor I prefer to'design both members without defined polar project-ions, using a short air-gap and well distributed windings as is usual in good induction motor practice. In that way good starting, powerful and smooth synchronizing and high weight efiicicncy can be secured.

' The reason for showing the commuted winding 6 as separate from the three-phase winding is to indicate that as a rule these two' windings must be designed for very differentvoltages. In order to secure good commutation and avoid dangerously high voltages in the windings 14, and '16 and at starting, it is necessary to make the maximum brush voltage much smaller than even the lowest usual distribution voltage applied to 5. There are various known modifications of such windings and these may be used instead of the arrangement shown in the figures without modifying'the mode of operation of my improved motor.

While theories have been advanced in connection with the machines referred to herein, this has been done with a view to facilitating their description and understanding but it is to be understood that I do not bind myself to these or any other theories.

It 'is clear that various changes may be made in the details of this disclosure with out departing from the spirit of this invention, and if is,'th.ereforc, to be understood that this invention is not to be limited to the specific details here shown and described. In the appended claims I aim to cover all of my invention.

' What I claim 1s:

1. In a motor which carrles variable load ondary, said primary being adapted for connection to an alternating current supply, a commuted winding on -.the primary, brushes cooperating with said commuted winding,

means located on the secondary and connccted'to the brushes for producing a unidirectional magnetization at an angle to the the modifications which are within the scope at synchronous speed, a primary and a secill means located on the secondary and con-.

nected to the brushes for producing a unidirectional magnetization at an angle to the perpendicular/ to the brush axis, and means for producing in the perpendicular to the brush axis a unidirectional magnetization which first decreases and then increases with increasing load. 5

3. In a motor which carries variable load at synchronous speed, a primary and a secondary, said primary being adapted for connection to an alternating current supply, a commuted winding on the primary, brushes cooperating with said commuted winding, means located on the secondary and con-.

nected to the brushes for producing a unidirectional magnetization at anangle to the perpendicular to the brush axis, and means for producing in the perpendicular to the brush axis a unidirectional magnetization which varies in direction with increasing load first opposing and later assisting the coaxial componentof the other unidirectiona] magnetization. 35"

4. In a motor which carries variable load at synchronous speed, a prnnary and a secondary, said primary being adapted for con nection to an alternating eurrent-su ply, a commuted winding on the primary, rushes cooperating with said commuted winding,

' means located on the secondary and connected to the brushes for producing a unidirectional. magnetization at an angle to the perpendicular to-the brush axis, and means for producing in the perpendicular to the brush axis a unidirectional magnetization which diminishes with increasing load.

' 5. In a motor which carries variable load at synchronous speed, a primaryand a secondary, a source of current adapted to sup-- ply a plura'lityof voltages which are unidirectional when the motor runs synchronouslyandof slip frequency at other motor speeds, and means independent of the excitation or speed of the source of current adapted to impress on the secondary the full amplitude of said voltages for synchronizing the motor and but a fractional value of onev I of saidwoltages at 'synchronism. Y

6. In amotor which carries Variable load at synchronous speed, a primary and a sec: ondary, a source of-current-adapted to supply a plurality of voltages which are unidirectional when the' motor runs synchronously and ot slip frequency at other motor speeds, and means independent of theexcitation or speed of the source of current adapted to impress on the secondary a higher maximum value of one'of said voltages for synchronizing than for uni-directional excitation.

7. .ln a motor which carries variable load at synchronous speed, a primary and a secnection to an alternating current supply, a commuted winding on the primary, two displacld sets of brushes cooperating wlth the commuted winding, means located on the secondary and connected to one of the brush sets for producing a unidirectional magnetization displaced from the axis and from the perpendicular to the axis of the brush set to which it is connected, and other means conondary, said primary being adapted for connected to the other set of brushes to produce a unidirectional magnetization substantially in line with the perpendicular to the axis of the first brush set.

8. A motor which carries variable load at synchronous speeds, having a primary and a secondary, means on the secondary adapted to magnctize said secondary along one axis, other means on the secondary adapted to magnetize said secondary along an axis displaced. from the first by an angle other than electrical degrees, a commuted winding on the primary, and two sets of brushes located along displaced axes and cooperating with the commuted winding, one set of brushes being connected to one magnetizing means on the secondary and the other set of brushes being connected to the other mags netizing means on the secondary.

9. A motor ,which carries variable load at synchronous speeds, having a primary and a secondary, means on the secondary adapted to magnetize said secondary along one axis,

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other means on the secondary adapted to magnetize said secondary along an axis displaced from the first by an angle other. than 90 electrical degrees, a commuted windin on the primary, two sets of brushes located along displaced axes and cooperating with the commuted winding, one set of brushes. beingconnected to one magnetizin means on the secondary and the other set 0 brushes being connected to the other magnetizing means on the secondary, the axis of one brush set being displacedfrom the perpendicular to the axis of the secondary magnetization produced. by the magnetizing means to which it is connected, and the axis of the other brush'set approximately coinciding with the axis of the secondary mag-'- netization produced by the magnetizing means to which said other set is connected;

10. A motor which carries variable load at synchronous speeds, having a primary /and a secondary, means on the secondary a," apted to magnetize said secondary along one axis,

other means on the secondary adaptedto magnetize said secondary along an axis displaced from the first bv an angle other than 90 electrical degrees, a source of two auxiliary voltages which are of difieitent phase and of slip frequency at sub-synchronous speeds and of a magnitude independent of their frequency; and which become unidirec- V tional at synchronism, means for impressing one auxiliary voltage on one of the magnetizing means on the secondary, and means for impressing-the other auxiliary voltage on the other magnetizing means on the secondary. 1,1. A

motor which carries variable load at synchronous speeds, having a primary and a secondary, means on the secondary adapted to magnetize said secondarylalong one axis, other means on the secondary adapted to magnetize said secondary along an axis displaced from the first by an angle other than 90 electrical degrees, a' source of two auxiliary and unidirectional voltages both of which vary in magnitude when the load on the synchronously operating motor varies and one of which is of one direction at one load and of the opposite direction at another load, means for impressing 'one auxiliary voltage on one of the magnetizing means on the secondary, and means for impressing the other auxiliary voltage on the other magnetizing meanson the secondary.

12. A motor which carries variable load at synchronous speed, having a primary and a secondary, said primary being adapted for connection to an alternating current supply, three windings on the secondary which are coaxial and the third displaced 90 electrical degrees from the coaxial ones, a"

commuted winding on the primary,two sets of brushes cooperating with the commuted I two ofwinding, the first set of brushes being 00 axial with the displaced winding and connected to it and to one of the coaxial windings, to produce insynchronous operatlon, a secondary magnetization displaced from the perpendicular to this first set of brushes,

and the second set being displaced from the first and connected to the other coaxial winding to produce in synchronous operation a secondarv magnetization ap roximatel coinciding with the perpendicu ar to said rst set of'brushes.

13,-. The method of operating a motor which carries variable load at synchronous speed, comprising, roducing a primary flux which rhvolves wit respect to the primary, generating auxiliary voltages which are of slip frequency-and difier in phase near synchronism and become unidirectional at synchronism, impressing one auxiliary voltage magnetization, and causing the magnitudeof the'auxiliary voltages to so vary in synchronous operation as. to change the magnitude of the torque component of the resultwith changing motor load.

In testimony whereof I aflix this 30th day of July, 1926.

VALEBE A. FYNN.

my signature ant secondary unidirectional magnetization 

